Introduction

These studies (called Analysis Reports for Energy Efficiency reports and Reviews for Renewable Energy reports) were performed by experts from CADDET members and other IEA agreements and provide detailed reviews across a wide range of topical energy efficiency and renewable energy subjects.

Click on the report title to see a summary of the report and download a PDF version. Be aware, however, that some of these PDF files are very large.

Click the Adobe Image to download a PDF reader (if required).

REPORTS

	Electricity from Offshore Wind Energy (REV-4) (RE-07)
	This report (published in October 2000) reviews the current status and future trends in the exploitation of offshore wind energy. It is the result of a joint study by the Danish Energy Agency and CADDET Renewable Energy. The review covers the develo...
	Energy Conservation in the Pulp and Paper Industry (AR 28)
	Energy conservation, and the minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions, are vital concerns of the major industrial countries today, to ensure the continued wellbeing of humanity (and most other species on this planet). They are particularly important ...
	Commercial/Institutional Heat Pump Systems in Cold Climates (AR 27)
	Heat pumps can typically deliver three or four times the heat energy they consume. In commercial and institutional buildings therefore, they can yield significant operating cost savings. While heat pumps generally have higher efficiencies in warmer c...
	Alternative fuels in electric power generating plants (AR 26)
	The use of alternative fuels for electric power generation has received growing attention in recent years. The main reasons for this include the need to reduce greenhouse gas and other harmful emissions to the air, and the increasing desire to make p...
	Compact heat exchangers (AR 25)
	Compact heat exchangers (CHEs) are characterised by having a comparatively large amount of surface area in a given volume, compared to traditional heat exchangers. Some new designs can, under appropriate process conditions, have only 5% of the volume...
	Industrial Electric Motor Drive systems (AR 24)
	An increasing number of countries have launched initiatives to encourage or constrain their industrial companies to use electrical energy more efficiently. To that end many utilities now offer incentives to customers to reduce demand. Apart from high...
	Industrial Heat Pumps (AR 23)
	Industrial heat pumps (IHPs), using waste heat as the heat source, deliver this heat at higher temperatures for use in industrial process heating or pre-heating, or for space heating. They represent a worthwhile method of improving the energy efficie...
	Process Heating in the Low and Medium Temperature Ranges (AR 22)
	Industrial process heating is a large consumer of energy, which is used in many different ways. The result is not just varying efficiency, but also widely varying pollution (which is becoming increasingly important). The technologies used for heating...
	Energy Saving in Schools (AR 21)
	This report presents an overview of methods for saving energy in existing school buildings. It explains and discusses different types of measures, from inexpensive ones, such as improvement of energy management of schools, to more expensive ones such...
	Energy Savings in Hospitals (AR 20)
	To achieve the maximum benefits from energy efficient building design it is advantageous to analyse specific building types. A general energy savings programme will often overlook specific energy consuming aspects of a particular building, consequent...
	Energy Management in Commercial Buildings (AR 19)
	The main challenge today in the field of energy management is not merely to develop energy conservation techniques and new building energy management systems, but rather to make top management in organisations owning and/or administrating commercial ...
	Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Residential Buildings (AR 18)
	Retrofitting involves making considerable changes to existing buildings. These changes aim to rectify existing damage, improve building standards and increase or modify the capabilities of a building’s use. Although residential retrofitting usually c...
	Energy Management in Industry (AR 17)
	In many industrial organisations, energy management is a low priority item. There are several reasons for this. In particular, energy prices are currently low and energy costs are often only a small part of total cost. This results in energy being of...
	Heat Exchangers in Aggressive Environments (AR 16)
	Using heat exchangers to reduce energy costs is becoming commonplace but, in some cases, the fluids involved attack normal construction materials. In this sort of aggressive environment the correct choice of equipment can make the difference between ...
	Energy Efficient HVAC Systems in Office Buildings (AR 15)
	Providing the required level of user comfort and air quality is the primary objective of a heating, air-conditioning and ventilation system for an office building. However, given that there are always a number of alternative system designs that can m...
	Advanced Houses of the World (AR 14)
	The motivation for advanced houses has evolved over the last 15 years as a result of improved understanding of housing and its impacts on energy consumption. Advanced houses of the 1980s tended to focus on reducing space heating needs and overlook ot...
	Transportation Management and Traffic Engineering (AR 13)
	Transport networks are constantly undergoing change. This includes planning of new roads or improving existing ones and routine maintenance. For each change to the system there may be a number of alternatives which the transport authority can conside...
	Industrial Drying Technologies (AR 12)
	Industrial drying is an important component of many manufacturing processes. The energy intensive nature of this activity has highlighted the need for greater energy efficiency, and a further stimulus is now being provided by current emissions legisl...
	Process Heating in the Metals Industry (AR 11)
	Although the metals industry remains relatively conservative in its approach to new energy saving technologies, companies throughout the world have made significant and cost-effective improvements to existing processes and plants. Many of these impr...
	Industrial Ventilation (AR 10)
	The need for better industrial ventilation has increased during the last twenty years as legislation in the field of occupational safety has become tighter. However, it is not only employees health that set the demands for better industrial ventilati...
	Gas-Turbine-Based CHP in Industry (AR 09)
	Combined heat and power (CHP) technologies have been in operation in a number of industries for many years. Although most have been based on the Rankine or steam cycle, there has been a growing interest in recent years in systems based on the gas tur...
	Energy Efficient Retrofitting of Office Buildings (AR 08)
	Nearly all office buildings undergo retrofitting at some stage during their lifetime, a procedure which offers considerable scope for improving building energy efficiency. From an energy point of view, office building performance is a complex issue w...
	Controls to Reduce Electrical Peak Demands in Commercial Buildings (AR 07)
	With ever increasing power demands from office equipment and building services, the commercial building sector is now the fastest growing electricity consumer. Both economic and environmental factors have lead to considerable emphasis being placed on...
	Energy Efficient Lighting in Commercial Buildings (AR 06)
	Lighting normally accounts for over 30% of the electricity used in commercial buildings. Energy efficiency in the lighting sector is therefore a matter of considerable importance. Both lighting equipment and control have undergone significant improve...
	International Perspective on Energy Recovery from Landfill Gas (REV-3) (AR06)
	This report (published February 2000) reviews the status of energy from landfill gas. The work was undertaken jointly by CADDET RE and the IEA Bioenergy Programme. The report provides ten case studies on landfill gas exploitation and makes a number...
	Compressed Natural Gas as a Vehicle Fuel (AR 05)
	In recent years economic, environmental and resource pressures have caused the promotion of natural gas as a transport fuel. Vehicles using compressed natural gas (NGVs) benefit from lower running costs and reduced emissions. Surprisingly, its use is...
	Review of Large-scale Solar Purchasing (REV-2) (AR05)
	This Review (published in December 1998) examines the large-scale procurement of Active (thermal) Solar Energy systems. This work was undertaken jointly by the IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme and CADDET Renewable Energy. It aims to encourag...
	Thermal Storage: Managing Electrical Loads in Buildings (AR 04)
	While total energy use in buildings has decreased in many countries, electricity consumption continues to go up, especially in commercial buildings. An important factor in energy consumption is peak electricity demand. Thermal energy storage systems ...
	Advanced Thermal Conversion Technologies for Energy from Solid Waste (REV-1) (AR04)
	This joint study by the IEA Bioenergy Programme and the IEA CADDET Renewable Energy Programme reviews the current status of Advanced Thermal Conversion Technologies, which refer to gasification and pyrolysis of municipal and industrial waste (publis...
	New Technologies for Heating and Cooling Supply in Office Buildings (AR 03)
	The energy balance in office buildings, which is characterized by both a substantial for electrical energy and by high internal heat gains resulting in considerable surplus heat, is often very complex. However, if this balance is carefully managed, t...
	Mini-Review of Energy Crops and Crop Residues (MR-3) (AR03)
	This Mini-Review, published in 1995 and updated in 1997, covers bioenergy from crops and crop residues, including woody crops, herbaceous energy crops, commodity crops (such as maize, cereals, rape, soy bean, etc), forest residues and crop residues....
	Heat Transformers in Industrial Processes (AR 02)
	Increasingly, heat transformers are offering practical solutions to industry’s high energy costs and environmental problems. By taking waste heat from an industrial process and increasing its temperature, they produce useful low-cost energy, and cons...
	Mini-Review of Active (Thermal) Solar Energy (MR-1) (AR02)
	This CADDET RE review (published in 1995) covered active solar energy for: (1) domestic hot water systems, (2) commercial buildings and industrial systems, (3) swimming pool systems, and (4) district heating systems. High temperature solar heating te...
	Small-scale Cogeneration (AR 01)
	Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP) is an attractive energy-saving option offering efficiencies of up to 90%.It’s also one of the most cost effective means of reducing the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases. As a result, it can be regarded ...
	Mini Review of Wind Energy (MR-2) (AR01)
	This study reviewed the state of the art in wind energy in 1995 and was led by Mr Ruud de Bruijne from Novem (the Netherlands). The review concentrated on grid-connected wind turbines. A strong link was established with the IEA R&D Wind Programme whi...